Product Code Database
Corylus cornuta, the beaked hazelnut (or just beaked hazel), is a deciduous shrubby hazel with two subspecies found throughout most of North America.
The leaves are arranged in an Phyllotaxis. They are a rounded oval shape with a pointed tip and irregularly double-toothed margins. The leaves are long and broad, with soft and hairy undersides.
The male flowers are firm which form in clusters of 1-3 units on the previous year's twigs. They become elongated and pendulous in spring. Single female Flower develop in early spring.
The beaked hazelnut is named for its fruit, which is a nut enclosed in a husk with a tubular extension long that resembles a beak. Tiny filaments protrude from the husk and may stick into, and irritate, skin that contacts them. The spherical nuts are small and surrounded by a hard shell. The beaked hazel is the hardiest of all hazel species, surviving temperatures of at its northern limits.
It has a shallow and dense root system which is typically only deep, with a single taproot which may extend below the surface.
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Fire kills the above-ground portion of the shrub, but it resprouts fairly readily after fire from its root crown or rhizomes. It recovers after fire to the extent that American Indians in California and Oregon used fire to encourage its growth.
In boreal regions, it is threatened by the invasive Siberian peashrub, which can invade and achieve dominance in understories.
American beavers prefer Eastern beaked hazel browse, and consume it to such an extent that they reduce its relative abundance in favor of conifers.
The nuts of C. cornuta californica are an important food source for squirrels, especially as a backup in times of acorn crop failure. Species such as , red squirrels and gather and stash the nuts, and although up to 66% of the nuts are consumed, the remainder have an elevated chance of germination due to being buried in soil or leaves. Although squirrels only distribute the nuts about or less, such as the blue jay in the east and the Steller's jay in the west distribute them over longer distances. Black bears, turkeys, and white-tailed deer also consume the nuts.
Ruffed grouse consume the protein-rich catkins and young buds of Corylus cornuta.
It is used as cover by a variety of animal species, and provides good nesting for birds, especially the ruffed grouse. The white-footed vole is positively correlated with California hazelnuts in the Umpqua National Forest in Oregon.
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Native Americans used the sprouts to create baskets, fish traps, and baby carriers. The nuts were eaten and commonly used as a trade good among indigenous groupsboth the Lewis and Clark expedition and prolific early naturalist David Douglas bartered for beaked hazelnuts with local peoples they encountered. It was used medicinally as emetic, for deworming, as an astringent, and for teething.
It is considered an excellent nut, with the same uses as any hazelnut. While the beaked hazelnut does not produce as many nuts as commercial European species such as the common hazel or Corylus maxima, it is more resistant to common diseases, and has been used in breeding programs to create high-yield, disease resistant hybrids.
It is used in restoration plantings to increase biodiversity, improve food sources for wildlife, and to reduce rates of laminated root rot in nearby Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce.
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